Tanker Tank Car
Posted in Uncategorized on 12/29/2008 04:50 am by admin
Tanker Tank Car
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Features of transportation fuel modal
The history of oil transportation.
Russia - the birthplace of the first industrial method of refining. Already in 1823 in Mozdok built the world's first oil refinery. In 1885-1886 years invented the first car out under the internal combustion engine . Since then, mankind has fallen into a hard dependency on energy. The introduction of ICE in all spheres of human life - from manufacturing to personal transportation and home power generators - with each passing year increases the need for fuel .
With increasing production volumes increased transportation of petroleum products , improved methods of delivery . For a long time this was done very primitive way of the caravan . Wooden barrels and skins filled with oil or kerosene, loaded on wagons and thus brought to the place. Or on the water - in oak , and later steel drums. Such a mode of transportation was very expensive , the cost of oil was too high. As a result , the first to start production of kerosene , Russia was unable to deliver it at reasonable prices even for the domestic market : kerosene purchased in America. In 1863 this problem became interested in DI Mendeleev . As a way out , he offered to transport petroleum products are not in barrels , and in specially equipped by filling the holds of ships . This method of transportation is called the "Russian way ". Ten years later , when the idea was implemented brothers Artemiev and fully justified itself , the method proposed by the great Russian scientist , began to be applied universally.
Another convenient way to transport petroleum products became railway. In 1878 , in order to meet rapidly growing demand for petroleum products, issued a decree on the establishment of a railway Baku - Surakhani - Sabunchi length of 20 km. Its construction was completed on Jan. 20, 1880 . Oil first began to be transported in special tanks .
Netruboprovodnye ways of transporting petroleum products
At the moment netruboprovodnoy for transporting oil and petroleum products using all types of freight transport. Oil, gas and their derivatives are highly toxic, explosive and flammable substances because of their packaging , transportation and storage are subject to special standards. In Russia GOST 1510-84 specifies all the rules for each type of gas and petroleum products - packaging and permissible way to fill the necessary precautions and conditions . So for different types of fuel and other light petroleum products are allowed transportation in metal drums and canisters with a maximum of 95% of the Gulf of total capacity. For the " viscous " oil - oils, greases, Bitumen, allowed the use of polymer and glass packaging , there is no limit on the amount required. Some viscous oil - for example, bitumen - may require heating in the discharge of other substances - aids in the form of lower drain devices or insulating protective layer. Because virtually every refined product , there are special containers , rail cars and tanks , fully satisfying the standards of safety and practicality.
Each type of transportation has its pros and cons. The fastest way to air is very expensive, require special security measures , because this method of delivery used rarely - in case of emergency or inability to deliver POL otherwise. For example, for military purposes or in cases of actual terrain inaccessible to the other , except for air transport modes.
The most common way to train . Geography railroad oil transportation from production sites to refineries , to storage facilities or consumers , is tied to the so-called oil and gas basins. Some rail lines - such as the Urals , Oil, Kama , East Siberian Sea, Baku , nearly fully loaded with cargo rolling stock of crude oil and petroleum products. Volumes of traffic are extremely high : at present only by the Azerbaijan Railways transported annually to 14 million tons of crude oil and petroleum products. Moreover, an increase in traffic volumes . So in 2005, RZD delivered to China 9.3 million tons of oil products in 2006 - 10.2 million tons. Bandwidth limits can put Railways in 2007, 15 million tons of crude oil and petroleum products in China. Global volume of oil transportation rail increases each year by 3-4% , while in Russia the figure is 6%.
Despite the convenience of rail way transportation of petroleum products over long distances, petroleum products - such as petrol, DT , or liquefied petroleum gas - the small distance to the implementation of the optimal delivery of tankers. Transportation of fuel in this manner significantly increases its value in use. Profitability of haulage limited distance of 300-400 km, which determine their local character - from the depot to gas station and back.
Convenient transportation for oil and fuel are the sea and river tankers. River oil transportations , as compared with rail , reduce costs by 10-15% and 40 % compared with road .
Until recently, about 80% of oil transportation via the Volga -Don system implemented company Volgotanker . Because of the close connection with the Yukos case , in 2004 the company started having problems with tax authorities, traffic volumes for the year decreased from 13 to 8 million tons. Specialists forecast a further decline in volumes, but with the advent of market- Italian company Pietro Barbaro Group, which ordered the twelve ships, and has already launched the six new oil tankers of the "river -sea " , the volume is still growing. Major Russian shipping companies , nefteperevozchiki also actively involved in the development of the industry. In the Asia -Pacific and the Far East JSC Primorsk Shipping Corporation , which specializes in the transportation of petroleum products, has a fleet of 35 tankers that total more than one million tons. This year, PHC has contracted with South Korea's STX Shipbuilding to build five more tankers , which will increase the total deadweight of the fleet by 51 tons.
Development of the sector contributes to modernization of specialized infrastructure . In the Leningrad region on the Neva river transported about 5 million tons of oil a year. Construction of new oil and port facilities in 2007-2008 will increase these volumes in two , and the total volume of traffic on the Gulf of Finland from 30-40 million tons will increase to 100 million tons per year.
Security of oil transportation
Despite the constant tightening of safety standards , transportation of petroleum products is damaging to the environment. Representatives of international organizations ekologoohrannyh believe that the measures taken to date to protect the environment from oil pollution is not enough. Especially dangerous sea and river tankers. Therefore necessary measures such as decommissioning of old and single hull vessels to develop a clear plan to eliminate oil pollution .
High security requirements make enterprise - nefteperevozchikov upgrading material-technical base . Introduction of new contemporary designs of tanks , containers , tanks, equipped with systems of control pressure, temperature , humidity and other parameters require large material investments. That's why in a competitive market are large companies , usually on a full cycle . This means that the company itself produces , processes , stores and transports petroleum products.
Oil and gas industry is fast becoming an extremely high-tech manufacturing. Although released a group of countries , of compliance with environmental standards which are often overlooked in the whole production and transportation of petroleum products have become safer. Growth rates of consumption , the discovery of new oil and gas directly lead to the improvement of existing and developing new modes of transport.
About the Author
I am CFO of a group of companies Hozpromtorg, business profile sale of petroleum products